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Arthur Pearson has responded to my questions and quibbles and I think we
have ended up in full agreement.

However, I think there's a bit of profit to be got from looking at my
quibble No 5 in a bit more detail.

I said-

5. Arthur quotes the expression for LHA Moon as-
(LHA Sun +/- difference between GHA Sun and GHA Moon)
but the ambiguities in this could cause trouble and it should be expressed
more exactly as-
LHA Moon =LHA Sun + GHA Moon - GHA Sun (adding or taking off 360� where
necessary).

and Arthur replied-

>5) George's expression for LHA moon is more exact (LHA Moon =LHA Sun +
>GHA Moon - GHA Sun adding or taking off 360� where necessary). It is
>worth noting that while this was the easiest way for me to understand
>the calculation of LHA moon, the examples provided by Patterson to Lewis
>in his "Astronomical Notebook" take a different path to the same result.
>I found it easier to construct calculations by Patterson's method.
>Recall that by assuming longitude we have established a correction
>between local time (LT) and Greenwich Time (GT), and by our time sight,
>we find a correction from watch time (WT) to LT.  With WT of the lunar,
>we correct to estimated GT and take GHA and Dec of moon and sun from the
>almanac (in my case, I interpolated within the hour for GHA, and within
>the 12 hour period for Dec). LHA of either body is simply (GHA ~
>Longitude). I puzzled quite a while before accepting that this arrives
>at the same value as George's expression.

==================

The trouble with using the expression that Arthur quoted-

LHA Moon = LHA Sun +/- difference between GHA Sun and GHA Moon

is this. Obtaining the difference between those GHAs involves (by the usual
convention) subtracting the lesser from the greater, to obtain a positive
answer for the angle (in hour angle) between Sun and Moon.

That positive difference would sometimes represent the Moon being to the
Westward of the Sun, and sometimes to the Eastward, depending on their
relative positions in the sky, and whether or not the Greenwich meridian
intervened between them.

Next, according to Arthur, we have to add-or-subtract that result from LHA
Sun. But which? When should one add it, when subtract it? We are given no
clue. The LHA of the Sun might be East of the observer in the morning, or
West in the afternoon. Perhaps if the navigator draws a careful diagram
showing all three angles, he can work out whether to add or subtract by
commonsense. What I deprecate most is the sort of rule that says "Add or
subtract, whichever gets the nearest answer to the expected result".

This whole business of lunars is complicated enough, without the intrusion
of such awkward decisions.

When I offered an alternative expression that gave the result "more
exactly", perhaps "more exactly" was the wrong phrase to use, because I
wasn't thinking of small differences, but of gross errors caused by
choosing wrongly between + and -. Perhaps it would have been better to say
"with less chance of gross error".

As for the expression I provided instead,

LHA Moon = LHA Sun + GHA Moon - GHA Sun (adding or taking off 360� where
necessary)

there are no such difficult judgments to be made. You just have to do what
it says. If it turns out to be more than 360� or less than 0�, just add or
subtract 360�, until it isn't.
It's hard to go wrong, here.

I'm a bit puzzled when Arthur says-

(in my case, I interpolated within the hour for GHA, and within
>the 12 hour period for Dec)

That is almost certainly adequate for Dec of the Sun, which varies slowly
and smoothly, but almost certainly inadequate for the Dec of the Moon,
which changes MUCH faster! As the nautical almanac provides Dec at 1-hour
intervals, why didn't Arthur interpolate between those? Or was he using a
different almanac with more condensed data? If so, I suggest they were
inadequate for his purpose.

===============================

May I wish clear skies and fair winds (and sharp horizons) for Arthur's
cruise in the Grenadines. I think he may come to appreciate the additional
difficulties faced by an observer of lunars at sea. But it will depend
greatly on the size of his vessel.

Although it's a bit heretical to say so on this list, it might be useful
for Arthur to pack a handheld GPS receiver, to check his observations. Or
perhaps I should say, on this list, to check the performance of the GPS
system from his celestial observations. I look forward to reading his
results.

George Huxtable.

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george@huxtable.u-net.com
George Huxtable, 1 Sandy Lane, Southmoor, Abingdon, Oxon OX13 5HX, UK.
Tel. 01865 820222 or (int.) +44 1865 820222.
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