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    Re: Refraction
    From: Robert Eno
    Date: 2005 Sep 3, 07:37 -0400
    Hello Marcel
     
    Refraction error makes the observed body appear to be higher than it actually is, ergo the same correction rules for postitive altitudes would apply to negative altitudes; only in this case the negative numbers would be added.  If, for example, your sextant altitude was minus 5 degrees, and the refraction correction was (I am just pulling a random number out of my head) minus 60 minutes (refraction correction is always subtracted from the sextant altitude), then your corrected altitude would be minus 6 degrees.
     
    Near as I can reckon, you would only experience negative altitudes from an aircraft flying at high altitudes or in the polar regions in winter.
     
    Have a look at Table # 6, HO 249, Sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation and the correction tables at the back of the Air Almanac. These give you a bit of a clue as to what to expect. Other than these tables, I know of no other tables which provide refraction corrections for negative altitudes for observers at sea level.  If anyone out there is aware of such tables, do let me know. It is a question I have not pondered for some time now.
     
    Robert
    ----- Original Message -----
    Sent: Thursday, August 04, 2005 6:48 AM
    Subject: Refraction

    Hello

     

    While searching with Google, I came across this mail list. May be some one out here may be able to help me answering the following question:

     

    How do refraction values for negative elevations have to be calculated, such as e.g. the horizon from a plane? (I am interested in the range of 0° to approx. –5°.)

     

    Is Bennett’s approximation also valid for negative elevations? If not, what other approximation formulae should be used, or, where can one find some benchmark values?

     

    I am interested in formulae for both, refraction from apparent position and from physical position.

     

    Thank you for any input to my problem.

     

    Marcel

       
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