NavList:
A Community Devoted to the Preservation and Practice of Celestial Navigation and Other Methods of Traditional Wayfinding
Re: Cel Nav and missile submarines
From: Alexandre Eremenko
Date: 2012 Apr 11, 17:26 -0400
From: Alexandre Eremenko
Date: 2012 Apr 11, 17:26 -0400
Thanks, Gary. Tis is interesting to know. Loran does not help to solve the problem whether a submarine can sail for many days without surfacing; LORAN, like everything else based on electromagnetic waves works only when the boat is on the surface, correct? Alex On Wed, 11 Apr 2012, Gary LaPook wrote: > > I have included links two charts showing the coverage of LORAN-A in 1950 and in 1973. > > http://www.jproc.ca/hyperbolic/lorana_coverage_map_1950b.jpg > > http://www.jproc.ca/hyperbolic/lorana_coverage_b.jpg > > gl > > --- On Tue, 4/10/12, Alexandre E Eremenkowrote: > > From: Alexandre E Eremenko > Subject: [NavList] Cel Nav and missile submarines > To: NavList@fer3.com > Date: Tuesday, April 10, 2012, 5:14 PM > > > Thanks to Fred and Gary > who helped to clarify the picture. > And I apologise again for the message which begins with > "Fred,..." while this was really an answer to Gary:-) > > Here is a short chronology. > The first submarine ballistic missle was Zemlia R-11FM (SS-1 Scud A). > It had an inertial guiding system. > It was launched from the submarine Zulu B-67, some say in 1956, > and even give exact date: September 16, > others say in 1955, and became operational by 1959. > It had a nuclear warhead, and was liquid-propelled. > There was only one missile on the sub, it was launched from surface > position, and had to be put vertically before the launch. > > (I imagine this mess: fuleing the missile standing vertically on > the deck, with liquid fuel. The fuel was nitric acid + liquid oxigen :-) > I would be delighted to see this:-) > > As the very first satellite was launched only in 1957, the submarine > clearly relied on Cel Nav. And the whole accuracy of the missle > depended on Cel Nav. Inertial navigation for the submarine itself is a short time > solution; inertial navigation cannot give your position for long time > without checking it with some other means. > > Further development on the Soviet side were > R-13, R-21 (1962) and R-27 (1967) missiles, > (SS-N-4, SS-N-5, SS-N-6), all with inertial navigation, > and Yankee class submarines. They already had missiles permanently > in vertical position but the missiles were still liquid fuel propelled. > > Now, in the 50-s (don't know exactly when) Soviet dip meter spreads, > and on the US side, Shufeldt makes his research in 1958-61. > Which was first classified, but then quickly unclassified, > and the satellite system Transit 1 comes in use in 1964, > and is made open to everyone in 1967. > > This system does not measure any angles (as I wrongly assumed in the beginning) but uses the Doppler effect created by the motion of the > satellites. Few satellites do > not cover all Earth surface. > The accuracy 0'1-0'2 is better than Cel Nav. > Only by 1980-s the Soviets apparently developed their own satellite > system. > > Concerning other non-Cel nav systems. Inertial system for submarines > is probably insdispensible when the submarine sails under ice > (or under a helicopter which tries to find it). > When it is near the water surface, a sextant can be used through the > periscope, and I read somewhere about such sextants. > The systems based on shore radio stations, like LORAN, have limited > range. > > Now, in te case of a nuclear attack, all satellite systems might > be switched off, and it will remain to rely on Cel Nav for missile launch from a submarine... if there still will be people who know how > to use it:-) > > Alex. > > > > > > > > > : http://fer3.com/arc/m2.aspx?i=118951 > > >