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Re: Azimuth and Declination formulae
From: George Huxtable
Date: 2005 Jul 15, 12:17 +0100
From: George Huxtable
Date: 2005 Jul 15, 12:17 +0100
>Peter Fogg wrote: > > > Have found this one: (Azimuth formula) > > > > Chuck Pettis' Azimuth equation: > > AZ = acos ((sin D - (sin L * sin H) / (COs L * COs H)) > > where H = horizon height (degrees) > > > > (The H has me puzzled. Perhaps it refers to Dip, or could it refer to > > altitude?) No, it's simply the (corrected) height of the body above the horizon, in degrees, same as h in the expression given below.. > > Here's another: > > > > Z = cos^-1 * [sin Dec - sin Lat * sin h / cos Lat * cos h] > > where h = vertical angle to the sun corrected for parallax and refraction > > (h = altitude?) No, it's not another, it's exactly the same expression, just expressed in a slightly different way. >I think they are the same sine method. No, they both derive azimuth from its cosine, not its sine. That expression (unlike the expression that calculates azimuth from its sine) has no difficult ambiguities about it. However, it becomes imprecise for azimuths near North and South, and (in that case) VERY dependent on the precise value of the body's measured altitude. Indeed, in some circumstances, near North and South, a small error in altitude can result in a value of cos az that exceeds 1, for which there's no solution. The great advantage of the tangent formula is that it doesn't even call for a measurement of altitude, at all. Also, it maintains its precision for all azimuths. >The first version may be for terrestrial navigators, with its added factor >of 'horizon height'. No. >Along the way, I found a formula for the calculation of the Sun's >declination: > >Dec = 23.45 sin (360/365.25) >Its such a simple formula even I can understand it. Its the maximum >declination of the sun expressed as a proportion of its change. Peter may claim to understand it, but I don't. Nor do I understand his description of what it does. As it stands, that formula calculates the Sun's declination approximately one whole day after the moment of the Vernal equinox, to arrive at an answer of 0.403 degrees North. Something is missing. The quantity 360/365.25 should be multiplied by the number of whole days elapsed since the vernal equinox, to get an approximate answer for the Sun's declination, expressed in degrees (not as a proportion of its change). >Here's another version: > >Dec/23.45 = sin(0.985*t) > >0.985 is a truncated version of (360/365.25) >and t = the number of days from the vernal equinox >or >t = (inv sin(Dec/23.45))/(360/365.25) > >These formulae come from: >www.geomancy/org./sunfinder Those formulae are defective, as Fred Hebard has pointed out, because they ignore the elliptical nature of the Earth's orbit round the Sun. Just because information can be found on a website does not imply that it is accurate or reliable, or even true. George. =============================================================== Contact George at george@huxtable.u-net.com ,or by phone +44 1865 820222, or from within UK 01865 820222. Or by post- George Huxtable, 1 Sandy Lane, Southmoor, Abingdon, Oxon OX13 5HX, UK.