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    Re: Amelia Earhart's aerial navigation
    From: Ronald P Barrett
    Date: 2009 Nov 19, 10:19 -0800
    Greg, I taught sea survival for the international airlines and did actual exercises. One can well survive in the central Pacific open ocean in a life jacket for hours to days. Depends on the entry injuries.

    Therefore I would ask: 1. Did AE have raft?  2. What type? Two man? One man? This relates directly to its size.  3. How was it bundled? The configuration is important. 4. What did it weigh? Important to weight & balance of this size of plane. 5. Was it tied down? 6. How was it tied down? 7. What were the rafts egress points? This is important, because it leads to what window or door could they get it out of. This then begs the question of what was the possible attitude of the plane in the water? If the plane went tail up: I doubt that they could have gotten the aft cabin door open to the point of the raft going out. 8. How was this type of raft to be inflated? 9.Did they have sea-dye? 10.Flares? 11. Did they have life jackets?

    It is interesting that no floating debree was ever reported//// or was it? I had read the center fuel tank vent scoops were bottom centerline of the plane. Any one ever see tests data on possible water intake upon ditching on these?

    Sea conditions are a big factor on the out  come of a ditching. What exactly were the reported sea conditions at that the possible ditching time? What are the out-comes known of Twin Beech ditchings over the years? Would the empty fuel tanks have rendered the plane "floatable?"

    As a former Pacific Nav I really do wonder why nothing was found. I find that hard to believe.

    DR'n away, Ron Barrett, President Air Force Navigators Observers Association (AFNOA www.afnoa.org ) USAF Ret.

    --- On Thu, 11/19/09, Greg Rudzinski <gregrudzinski@yahoo.com> wrote:

    From: Greg Rudzinski <gregrudzinski@yahoo.com>
    Subject: [NavList 10753] Re: Amelia Earhart's aerial navigation
    To: "NavList" <navlist@fer3.com>
    Date: Thursday, November 19, 2009, 11:54 AM

    Excellent post Gary. Thanks.

    A few more questions. The abrupt ending of voice radio transmission
    implies trouble. Is it possible that the batteries/magneto and or fuel
    pump failed then causing a ditch short of Howland on the LOP
    approach ? What were there chances without a life raft?

    Greg

    On Nov 18, 9:59 pm, Gary LaPook <glap...@pacbell.net> wrote:
    > Greg Rudzinski asked:
    >
    > Maybe Gary can comment on the following:
    > 1. Time tick before departure.
    > 2. Sobriety of Noonan.
    > 3. Life raft.
    > 4. Radio antenna.
    > 5. Head winds.
    > 6. Celestial opportunities.
    > 7. Sleep deprivation.
    > 8. Was it possible to fly right over Howland Island and not see it?
    > 9. Was Howland charted correctly.
    > 10.What would have been a better less risky route?
    >
    > Gary wrote:
    >
    > Fred may have had a drinking problem but many people with such a problem
    > manage to show up sober for work on Monday mornings because their jobs
    > depend on it. Noonan had an even greater reason to show up sober, his
    > LIFE depended upon it. They landed in Lae on June 29th. The night they
    > arrived in Lae he went out drinking with Collopy and Heath and they got
    > toasted. Collopy took him back to his hotel about midnight and Noonan
    > was wobbly. On the 30th work was done on the plane and they attempted to
    > get a time signal so that they could leave on July 1st but were not able
    > to get the radio time signal so they had to delay the departure one day.
    > On July 1st Noonan turned down an invitation to go out again with
    > Collopy and went to the radio office where they finally got the time
    > signal at 10:20 p.m. Earhart and Noonan were back in their hotel by 11
    > p.m. so no bender the night before departure. They took off at 10:00
    > a.m. the next day, July 2nd and the flight lasted over twenty hours.
    > Even if Fred had had to be poured into the plane (and the movie of the
    > departure shows him steady as he got into the plane) he would have had
    > plenty of time to sober up on the way to Howland. Because of all this it
    > is very unlikely that any drinking problem Fred may have had contributed
    > to the disappearance. This story was pushed to put the blame on Fred and
    > totake the focus off of AE's actions.
    >
    > I have posted the following before on another forum and it will answer
    > some of the questions.
    >
    > "Paul, I for one never believed that Noonan made a navigational error.
    > He was too experienced, too motivated (his life was on the line) and
    > the techniques being used were well proven and of sufficient accuracy
    > to have allowed them to find Howland."
    >
    > There is a lot of evidence that he was careful and competent. I think
    > all the stories that came out after the flight besmirching him
    > personally and his abilities were for the purpose of exonerating the
    > popular and well known American heroine celebrity AE from fault for the
    > disappearance, Fred was made the fall guy since he was an unknown nobody.
    >
    > I posted before that Fred would have been motivated to do a very
    > competent job on this leg since it was the sole reason that he was
    > brought along. Further proof of that was written by AE in "Last Flight"
    > ( the book written by AE as she went around the world and sent back
    > prior to her last flight),
    >
    >  "Fred Noonan has been unable, because of radio difficulties, to set his
    > chronometers. Any lack of knowledge of their fastness and slowness would
    > defeat the accuracy of celestial navigation. Howland is such a small
    > spot in the Pacific that every aid to locating it must be available."
    >
    > They had to delay the flight for a whole day so that  Fred could get a
    > radio time signal (it was broadcast only once a day and there was
    > interference the first day) so he could check his chronometers to
    > determine how fast or slow they were. This would not have been necessary
    > if they were just planning to use radio bearings to find Howland.
    >
    > This necessity for very accurate time is probably not understood by most
    > people on this forum. The earth turns at a rate of 900 knots (900
    > nautical miles per hour, or 1035 mph) at the equator which means that it
    > turns one nautical mile every four seconds. Without getting into the
    > details of how celestial navigation computations are done, it works out
    > that if your chronometer (a very accurate clock) is slow by just four
    > seconds then your celestial computations will place you one nautical
    > mile further west than where you actually are. If it is fast then you
    > will think you are east of where you actually are. It doesn't take too
    > many seconds of unknown chronometer error to cause you to miss Howland
    > if using only celnav. Since their course was mainly eastbound they only
    > had to be sure that they did not pass too far north or south of Howland
    > so as to be beyond the range of Itasca's transmitter. Precise longitude
    > would not have been needed if they planned to just use the radio
    > direction finder for final guidance to the island. Since they were
    > willing to wait a whole day just to get an accurate time check it shows
    > that they planned to have celnav at least as a backup to radio direction
    > finding and knew that they would need the maximum accuracy possible in
    > that eventuality.
    >
    > If they were just going to use radio bearings then AE didn't need Fred,
    > she could do that herself since the radio equipment was in the cockpit.
    > It is obvious, then, that the entire world flight was planned around the
    > need to use celestial to find Howland.
    >
    > I had also posted that Fred would have pre-computed the landfall
    > procedure so that it could be easily accomplished after a long and
    > tiring flight. I believe that he would have done this on the ground
    > before takeoff either that morning or the day before or early in the
    > flight before becoming fatigued. These computations would have only
    > taken about one hour using Dreisonstok and plotting the  altitude curve
    > on graph paper for the sun's and moon's altitudes as calculated at
    > Howland. With this pre computed he could take many shots with his
    > sextant and compare the measured altitudes with those on the graph and
    > know instantly if they were staying on the LOP to Howland. No further
    > complex computations would need to be done in flight while approaching
    > the island.
    >
    > Even if they were planning to use a radio bearing to find Howland and
    > celestial was planned only as a backup Fred would have known not to
    > count on the radio working since it had failed them approaching Dakar.
    > In fact he didn't have to think back that far. The day before the last
    > flight they had had their radio repaired and had test flown the plane to
    > check out it's operation. They were unable to get a null which meant
    > that the radio direction finder WAS NOT WORKING. For some inexplicable
    > reason they ignored that blatant fact and decided that the reason they
    > could not get a null was that they were too close to the station.
    > Certainly Noonan appreciated this was at least a potential problem and
    > would have redoubled his effort to make sure that he did everything
    > possible to ensure that celestial would get them to Howland. If he
    > hadn't been confident of this they would not have left with an unproven
    > radio direction finder.
    >
    > I don't know how many instrument rated pilots we have on this forum. I
    > am an airline transport pilot and I have also been an instrument flight
    > instructor since 1972 so I have some knowledge of how radio direction
    > finders work since they were common navigation equipment  in airplanes
    > used for flight in the clouds until the recent development of GPS. (I
    > also have a radio amateur operators license, call sign KA9UHH.)
    >
    > When flying on instruments you are inside the clouds and can't see any
    > landmarks, obstructions or airports. In order to navigate without visual
    > references you rely on different systems of radio navigation equipment
    > which for many years included radio direction finders very similar to
    > the one installed in NR16020. This equipment uses long wave radio
    > signals in the band of 190 to 535 kilocycles (now kilohertz) just below
    > the A.M. broadcast band and including 500 kcs the international calling
    > and distress frequency. This was the frequency that Itasca was
    > broadcasting on. AE's radio direction finder should have been able to
    > get a null and and so determine the bearing to fly to get to Itasca.
    >
    > Getting a null involves turning the loop antenna until it is lined up
    > with the direction of the incoming signal which is shown by the received
    > signal getting  weaker and weaker until it disappears, this is the
    > "null." If you turn the antenna past the null the signal starts to get
    > louder very rapidly. The width of this null is very narrow so that the
    > bearing can be determined very accurately.
    >
    > This type of equipment is good for a very long distance mainly
    > determined by the power of the transmitting station. For enroute
    > navigation, airways, like "highways in the sky" were created with radio
    > transmitters placed on the ground at each end of each leg of the airway.
    > The signals have to be strong enough so that you can receive them at the
    > halfway point of each airway leg. You track outbound from one station
    > until halfway to the next station then start following the signal to the
    > second station. As an example, a route I flew many times was  "A17" from
    > Bimini, Bahamas to Puerto Rico. You take off from Miami or Ft.
    > Lauderdale and tune in the radio station on Bimini which transmits on
    > 396 kcs with a Morse code  identification of "ZBB." You use the radio
    > direction finder to head for Bimini which is 55 NM from Ft. Lauderdale.
    > After passing over Bimini you turn to a heading of 121� magnetic and
    > track outbound until halfway to the next radio station located on the
    > island of Grand Turk at the very southeast end of the Bahamas chain.
    > Grand Turk transmits on a freq. of  232 kcs with the ident of "GT."
    > After passing GT the next station is located on the north shore of
    > Puerto Rico about 60 miles west of San Juan transmitting on the
    > frequency of 391 kcs, ident "DDP." Now here is the important part, the
    > leg from ZBB to GT is 516 NM (593 miles). This means that you can
    > receive the signal 258 NM at least from each station. It is reasonable
    > to believe that had AE's radio direction finder been working she would
    > have been able to hear Itasca at a similar distance. This is born out by
    > the fact that Itasca heard AE's much less powerful transmitter several
    > hundred NM out.
    >
    > Since the leg from Lae to Howland is 2222 NM and the common estimate of
    > DR accuracy is 10% of the distance flown then one could expect to fly
    > the distance from Lae to Howland solely by dead reckoning and still be
    > confident of coming within in 222 NM of Itasca and so be close enough to
    > pick up the radio signal and track inbound to Howland. So if AE was
    > willing to rely only on radio she didn't need Fred at all. In fact, they
    > saw Nauru island about half way so the dead reckoning leg would have
    > only been about 1,000 NM so the DR error should not have exceeded 100
    > nm. But obviously they wouldn't just rely on radio.
    >
    > It is hard for young people today who have grown up with cell phones,
    > the internet, TV, satellite dishes and IPODs to have any gut feeling for
    > the unreliability of radio equipment in the 1930s. Modern equipment and
    > systems are so reliable people don't even think about it anymore. But in
    > the '30s comparing the reliability and trust in complicated pieces of
    > electronic equipment with resistors, capacitors, and tubes that burned
    > out without warning in your own equipment and in the transmitting
    > equipment that was not under your control with the proven reliability of
    > a simple sextant, a book of tables and a clock (or two clocks for
    > redundancy) and celestial won hands down. That was why AE hauled Fred
    > all the way around the world.
    >
    > Back to the use of radio direction finders. When flying on instruments
    > you eventually have to descend to land at an airport that you can't see
    > while you are in the clouds that might be in a valley surrounded by
    > mountains. You fly to the approach radio station on a specified course
    > and altitude and then after you pass over the transmitter's antenna you
    > know it is safe to descend  down to the minimum decent altitude that has
    > been established by the FAA for the approach to that airport which takes
    > into account the height of surrounding obstacles and the altitude of the
    > airport and the distance from the transmitter to the runway. When you
    > pass over the antenna and start your final decent you start a stop
    > watch. Your approach chart tells how many minutes and seconds it will
    > take you to fly from the station to the runway at various ground speeds.
    > After you descend to the minimum descent altitude you maintain it until
    > you see the runway of until the time runs out by which you know you have
    > passed over the runway without seeing it so you must climb and go to
    > your alternate.
    >
    > The reason I went through this long winded explanation is so everyone
    > will understand that the radio direction finder works right over the
    > transmitting antenna, you can't get closer than that. AE dismissing the
    > failure of her radio direction finder because she thought she was too
    > close to the transmitter shows either she didn't understand its
    > operation or she was satisfied that celestial alone was sufficient to
    > get them to Howland. I think the latter explanation makes the most sense
    > since they could have (and probably did) check the radio direction
    > finder operation as they flew farther away from Lae and continued on
    > even though it was apparent that it wasn't working. Again, this would
    > have made Fred work real hard on his celestial since he knew, actually
    > KNEW, that he couldn't depend on the radio.
    >
    > Based on all this I believe Fred knew he had to do an exemplary job of
    > celestial navigation and if the radio did per chance work when they got
    > near Howland then "no harm, no foul." He had confidence in celestial and
    > knew it had sufficient accuracy to locate Howland or he wouldn't have
    > gotten into the plane.
    >
    > gl

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